Original Articles
Vol. 12 (2017)
https://doi.org/10.3269/1970-5492.2017.12.14

IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CROHN’S DISEASE: A REGULATORY FUNCTION OF TIM-3/ GALECTIN-9 IN LYTH1

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Published: January 12 2026
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Authors

Francesco Carini
francesco.carini@unipa.it
Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Italy, Italy.
Alice Gerges Geagea
Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Italy, Italy.
Francesca Rappa
Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Italy, Italy.
Sabrina David
Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Italy, Italy.
Giovanni Tomasello
Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Italy, Italy.
Margherita Mazzola
Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Anatomy, (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Italy; Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy, Italy.
Carola Gagliardo
Student of School of Medicine and Surgery, Palermo University, Italy., Italy.
Marco Scaglione
Student of School of Medicine and Surgery, Palermo University, Italy., Italy.
Elena Lo Presti
Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnosis and Biomedical Research (CLADIBIOR), University of Palermo, Italy; Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies (DIBIMED), University of Palermo, Italy., Italy.
Abdo Jurjus
Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut. Beirut-Lebanon, Lebanon.
Raymond Zerbe
Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut. Beirut-Lebanon, Lebanon.
Angelo Leone
Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Histology, (BIONEC), University of Palermo, Italy, Italy.

Crohn's disease (CD) type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and its etiology is multifactonal and involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The interaction of these factors causes an imbalance the microbiota, leading to the activation of several immunological and inflammatory mechanisms. From an immunological point of view, there seems to be an involvement of the TIM3/galectin-9 pathway and of the autoregulation of LyTh1. The studies show that in patients with CD the autoregulation of LyThl is lost due to a reduced concentration of galectin-9 and a reduced TIM-3 expression in LyThl. This could be one of the reasons the state of perpetual activation in LyTh1, resulting in the chronic inflammatory process.

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IMMUNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CROHN’S DISEASE: A REGULATORY FUNCTION OF TIM-3/ GALECTIN-9 IN LYTH1. (2026). EuroMediterranean Biomedical Journal, 12. https://doi.org/10.3269/1970-5492.2017.12.14
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